Lithium Batteries For Model Jets

!±8± Lithium Batteries For Model Jets

Although some model jets use gas fuel, it is usually too expensive for most fliers. Dealing with a gas model jet is a little like taking care of a motorbike or car engine, which requires regular maintenance to keep it running. If you do not have the time or skill to run a gas engine, then a lithium battery may be a better choice for your model jet kit. Listed below is some basic information about model aircraft lithium batteries.

Temperature

Lithium batteries can be greatly affected by temperature. To create electricity, all batteries create a chemical reaction, so a low temperature can greatly slow down this process. Although a lithium battery will not be harmed by running at a lessened temperature, you will see a significant performance decrease. Freezing these batteries is not recommended, so it is better to store them in a dry and cool location during the winter months.

Flight Time Calculation

To calculate the amount of flying time you will get from a battery, you will need some basic information about the power consumption of your plane. Once you have collected information on the milliamp hours and motor amperage, you can use a specific formula to compute the maximum flight time. This formula is: (motor current) / (battery capacity) = Time (or hours). The capacity must be measured in amps for the formula to work properly.

Cycle Life

There is no definitive answer for how many cycles a lithium battery will last for. The life expectancy will depend on how powerful the aircraft was and how it is used. If you are draining, overcharging, or discharging the batteries, then it will not last as long. If you take good care of them and follow the instructions from the manufacturers, you should expect at least three hundred cycles, or even more.

Performance

Battery Storage can severely affect the performance capacity of your battery, thereby changing its life expectancy. Never store lipos at full charge, but you also should not keep them at minimal voltage. Both of these methods will cause a "rusting" inside the battery, that will decrease its ability to last. The best way to store these devices is at 50% charge.

Recovery

Despite some claims, batteries do not miraculously come to life after being discharged. There are no chargers that can undo the damage of a discharged cell. The best solution is to buy a new battery instead.

Lithium Batteries For Model Jets

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Coaxial Cable For Non-Geeks

!±8± Coaxial Cable For Non-Geeks

Coaxial cable for transmitting high frequency signals for communications (video or satellite signals) are used. Electrical connection is not exciting, but it is an important detail that is often overlooked. Have you ever heard someone say that "worked much better in the store"? There are reasons.

A coaxial cable consists of two conductors to share a common axis. A coaxial cable has a solid copper (SC) or copper plated conductor (CCS) surrounded by dielectric insulatingThe material. This dielectric is surrounded by a sheet and / or braid shielding which forms the outer conductor. This outer conductor also shields against electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources. Some coaxial cables are identified with a name "RG". RG stands for "Radio Government". The following is a specific identification number. The numerical value is arbitrary.

Coaxial cable for high-quality high-definition TV (HDTV), Satellite TV (SATV), broadband, cable is usedTV (CATV), VSAT (very small aperture terminal, satellite communications including broadband), TV Antenna, and Satellite Master Antenna Television (SMATV). The three most common coax cable types used for these applications are RG59 (low grade), RG6 (medium grade), and RG11 (high grade). Coaxial cable for these applications has an impedance of 75 ohms.

RG59 cables use a 20 or 22 AWG center conductor, RG6 cables have an 18 AWG center conductor, and RG11 cables use a 14 AWG center conductor (the smaller the AWG number, the larger the diameter of the center conductor). There is much variance in the cable specification within each class. An economy RG6 might have a thin aluminum braid and a copper plated steel center conductor, as opposed to a high performance RG6 cable with quad-shield shielding and a sophisticated dielectric.

Video/HDTV

Most analog video cables are coaxial. For example, an "S Video" cable is two mini-coaxial 75 ohm cables combined in a common outer jacket. S video keeps the luminance and chrominance signals separated. One line carries the luminance signals, one carries the chrominance signals, and the other two lines are ground wires.

Component Video Cables use three separate 75 ohm coaxial cables with connectors at each end. The three cables are in a single jacket or three separate cables. This allows for separate transmission for the red, green, and blue signals (RGB).

Serial Digital Interface (SDI) is the standard for digital video transmission over coaxial cable. The SMPTE 295M standard provides a maximum distance of 300 meters (about 1000 feet) for standard definition TV and 140 meters (about 500 feet) for HDTV. SDI provides a method for transmitting uncompressed digital video, audio and other data between video devices. SDI is currently only available in professional video equipment. Licensing agreements, restricting the use of unencrypted digital interfaces, prohibits its use in consumer equipment.

Signal Loss (Attenuation)

One of the main factors when choosing a cable is a calculation of signal loss (attenuation). Attenuation is often expressed as in decibels (db) per distance. This ratio is expressed as log ratio of input: output.

A high performance RG6 cable at 100 megahertz could have a signal loss of 6.4 db per hundred meters. Since the decibel scale is logarithmic, this means that the signal in this cable will have been reduced in signal strength by about 75% over a distance of 100 meters.

If the run is short, this may be a minor consideration. Often, however, signal loss will be of paramount importance. RG11 cable will typically exhibit a signal loss of about 4.5 db per hundred meters at 100 megahertz (loss of about 65%). RG59 cable will typically exhibit a signal loss of about 7.5 db per hundred meters at 100 megahertz (loss of about 82%).

Signal "leakage" occurs when the coaxial cable allows some of the signal to be radiated. All coaxial cables have a certain amount of dielectric and resistance loss. Resistance loss is the largest contributor to signal loss in coaxial cable. Losses caused by the resistance of the inner conductor vary with the diameter of the conductor.

The more significant loss is frequency related. As the frequency of the signal increases, the signal is carried through the conductor closer to the perimeter of the cable. This is called "skin effect". The same RG6 cable that has an attenuation of 6.4 db per hundred meters at 100 megahertz might have an attenuation of 23 db per hundred meters at 1000 megahertz (loss of more than 99%).

Cable Sub-Classifications for Application and Safety

CATVX is the lowest grade of cable. It is suitable only for limited use in residential buildings.

CATV has a higher-grade jacket, but this cable should not be used in risers or air handling ducts. Riser spaces are cavities or openings that penetrate more than two floors. Commercial buildings often use the same space to install cables as air handling ducts.

CATVR (Riser cable) has a slow vertical burn rate and is suitable for any application other than air handling (plenum) ducts.

CATVP (Plenum cable) is the highest rated cable jacket type. Plenum cables can be used anywhere within a building. It has a slow burn rate and emits lower toxic fumes when burning. Plenum cable is typically color coded white, and costs about 75% more than standard cable for similar electrical performance. Plenum cable will often not withstand outdoor conditions as well as standard cable.

"Flooded cable" is designed for burial underground. Flooded cable has a more robust jacket to withstand the compression of being buried, and also contains a gel substance within the outer most braided shield. The gel compound prevents water migration along the braid when the jacket is damaged. This cable is unsuitable for above ground applications.

Coaxial Cable Connectors

Coaxial connectors are available for communication applications such as audio, video, HDTV, digital applications, and satellite communications. Impedance, frequency range, power capabilities, and physical size are important considerations when selecting a coaxial connector.

BNC connectors are bayonet type connectors, commonly used in CCTV systems. They are the most suitable connector for use with RG59 cable. The BNC connector has gained wide acceptance in video and RF applications for frequencies up to 2 GHz. The BNC connector uses a plastic dielectric. This dielectric causes increasing losses at higher frequencies. BNC connectors are specified by IEC standard IEC60169-8.

F-Type connectors are used for Cable TV, Satellite TV, and Digital TV (HDTV) in conjunction with either RG6 or RG11 cables. Usually the inner conductor of the cable forms the inner "pin" of the connector. Although "twist-on" type connectors are available, they do not produce a reliable connection in comparison to a connector that has been terminated with a ratchet-crimping tool. F-type connectors are specified by IEC standard IEC60169-24.

N-Type: A 75 ohm version of the N Type connector is widely used by the CATV industry. The N-type connector has an air gap between center and outer conductor. Better N-type connectors can be used at frequencies up to about 18 GHz.

UHF-Type: UHF connectors have an impedance which tend to vary, and are unsuitable for use at frequencies above 300 MHz.

Summary

High performance communications requires sophisticated interconnect technology. As the environment continues to evolve, the system may need to support voice, data, video, and more recently, HDTV. The growing size of networks and the introduction of high-speed access create a critical need for reliable, high performance cabling systems.

Coaxial Cable For Non-Geeks

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New Texas Instruments Multiview TI-34 Scientific Calculator 4 Lines 16 Characters LCD Solar Battery

!±8± New Texas Instruments Multiview TI-34 Scientific Calculator 4 Lines 16 Characters LCD Solar Battery

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Earning a doctorate

!±8± Earning a doctorate

Working for a PhD, people could have hundreds of reasons. Traditionally, people should have a PhD, to enter the academic world and teach in high school. Holding a PhD means that you have received formal training at the highest academic level, you can find a way to make "independent" and critics. To do much in a scientific way, to emphasize that scientific knowledge than many other types of "knowledge". Article 1 is the introduction ofDifference between traditional doctoral (PhD) and career advancement.

I work as a social scientist and professional, we make the theory and evidence-based knowledge to emphasize, is an important tool for us to work in the profession of responsibility, service to our customers and the reasons for our decisions and actions. Sometimes we find our broad and deep knowledge is not complicated enough to explain human suffering and anguish. Before you start feelingInsecurity and frustration. Located after criticizing ourselves for not competent enough, we begin to think about the theories and practices, if we look closely at the "knowledge" can not be sufficiently and it is on.

To underestimate or even most of the theories do not meet the complex part of human nature, so we should have some other skills, to find to fill the gap, which we call "practical wisdom". And 'localized, culturally or contextually limited, at times it seemsa lot of 'postmodernism'. I am not here to formalize the veto, on the basis of scientific knowledge (Mode 1 or the first generation of doctoral training), but if we want to work with people, a variable, changing, creating their own meanings and behaviors that can be pure scientific research is not the only option for the acquisition of knowledge.

Second-generation Professional Doctorate may be a way for different types of researchers to begin their path to expanded and improvedProfessional practice. Vocational students are usually required to Mode 2 knowledge is characterized as a kind of contextual knowledge, but can also be alert and action-oriented. Mode 2 knowledge is increasingly popular with proof of professional liability insurance (such as nursing, social work, psychology and pedagogy) turn their attention away from formal institutions and universities to in-house training and mutual support. Professional Doctorate, a new option for people on offerIndustries to conduct formal investigations and to formalize the reflection on their daily practice, some of them practical wisdom.

Put it to analog, people who for Mode 1 knowledge is like a Formula One team of experts in the laboratory, some of them for the development of a racing car (end product), some of them are for pure research to calculate the accumulation of knowledge (eg physical or purely mathematical calculation), then the team could win a Grand Prix? Of course not. InIn order to "tune" the car, some teams are experts in the field work, or even particular breed, they are experts in the "field", and are working with the laboratory. Teams, but we can agree on things like the psychological state of the drivers, strategies opponents' and etc. This kind of knowledge (Mode 2), implicitly, tacitly, and perhaps culturally bound (focused on driving behavior between drivers Japanese and their Western counterparts are very different).

For the end userknowledge of the career of doctoral education is the highest goal of vocational training. As I said before, people could start the trip with different reasons and motivations, but we can not neglect their own self-development. When we work for the thesis, can be self-reflection, self-confidence and develop self-discipline. The survey process can be wonderful, or it can be stressful for some people to others. No matter whatMotivation and reasons that it turns out, are marked at the end of the journey through a piece of paper (your thesis). One thing that we should keep in mind is what kind of end results you want to share with others and for whom?

Earning a doctorate

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